Erich Fromm (1900~1980)稍晚期的書*，大部分都有漢譯 (志文出版社等，Wikipedia 中文版說說的未翻譯的書，一半都有中文本)，從60年代末到80年代中，影響我們至深。他的書常談到宗教或聖經中的故事。
今天唐光華老師指出他的一堂訪談錄音，談60年代的新左。聽聽，很清楚。
*Later works in English[edit]
- Escape from Freedom (U.S.), The Fear of Freedom (UK) (1941) ISBN 978-0-8050-3149-2
- Man for himself, an inquiry into the psychology of ethics (1947) ISBN 978-0-8050-1403-7
- Psychoanalysis and Religion (1950) ISBN 978-0-300-00089-4
- The Forgotten Language; an introduction to the understanding of dreams, fairy tales, and myths (1951) ISBN 978-0-03-018436-9
- The Sane Society (1955) ISBN 978-0-415-60586-1
- The Art of Loving (1956) ISBN 978-0-06-112973-5
- Sigmund Freud's mission; an analysis of his personality and influence (1959)
- Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis (1960) ISBN 978-0-285-64747-3
- May Man Prevail? An inquiry into the facts and fictions of foreign policy (1961) ISBN 978-0-385-00035-2
- Marx's Concept of Man (1961) ISBN 978-0-8264-7791-0
- Beyond the Chains of Illusion: my encounter with Marx and Freud (1962) ISBN 978-0-8264-1897-5
- The Dogma of Christ and Other Essays on Religion, Psychology and Culture (1963) ISBN 978-0-415-28999-3
- The Heart of Man, its genius for good and evil (1964) ISBN 978-0-06-090795-2
- Socialist Humanism (1965)
- You Shall Be as Gods: a radical interpretation of the Old Testament and its tradition (1966) ISBN 978-0-8050-1605-5
- The Revolution of Hope, toward a humanized technology (1968) ISBN 978-1-59056-183-6
- The Nature of Man (1968) ISBN 978-0-86562-082-7
- The Crisis of Psychoanalysis (1970) ISBN 978-0-449-30792-2
- Social character in a Mexican village; a sociopsychoanalytic study (Fromm & Maccoby) (1970) ISBN 978-1-56000-876-7
- The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (1973) ISBN 978-0-8050-1604-8
- To Have or to Be? (1976) ISBN 978-0-8050-1604-8
- Greatness and Limitation of Freud's Thought (1979) ISBN 978-0-06-011389-6
- On Disobedience and other essays (1981) ISBN 978-0-8164-0500-8
- For the Love of Life (1986) ISBN 0-02-910930-2
- The Art of Being (1993) ISBN 978-0-8264-0673-6
- The Art of Listening (1994) ISBN 978-0-8264-1132-7
- On Being Human (1997) ISBN 978-0-8264-1005-4
Wikipedia 中文版
弗洛姆於1941年發表他的第一本重大著作《逃避自由》。1947年出版其續集——《為自己的人》。這兩本著作概述了弗洛姆的人的本性理論中人的性格理論。弗洛姆最流行的著作是1956年出版的《愛的藝術》，他在這著作中概括並補充了《逃避自由》和《為自己的人》及其他著作中的人性理論。
弗洛姆從小學習《塔木德經》（猶太教的法典），人生觀受其影響深遠。年輕時他跟隨猶太教祭司J. Horowitz學習《聖經》，後來在海德堡大學修讀社會學博士時跟隨祭司Salman Baruch Rabinkow學習 。在法蘭克福讀書時又跟隨過Nehemia Nobel和Ludwig Krause。弗洛姆的祖父及其兩個哥哥都是祭司，一個舅公是著名的《塔木德經》學者。然而在1926年，弗洛姆離開正統猶太教，轉向以人本主義解釋《聖經》的典範。
弗洛姆對《聖經》中亞當與夏娃被逐出伊甸園的故事的解釋奠定了他的人本主義哲學的基石。弗洛姆指出，辨別善惡通常被視為是一種美德，研究《聖經》的學者卻都認為亞當與夏娃吃知善惡樹的果實犯了罪，因為他們違背了上帝代表父性的一面。他認為人應運用其創造力來建立自己的價值，不是以服從父性權威和依賴母性的關愛來建立道德價值。弗洛姆認爲人應當脫離宗教中將上帝當作父親和母親來愛的主流態度，認識到上帝是人類所需要追求的全部事物投射，從而擁有成熟的、愛的能力，而非停留於幼稚的愛。他也認爲關於上帝的觀念，在歷史和宗教的形成中，根據精神分析的理論是逐漸演變和成熟的。
除了純粹譴責權威主義的價值體系，弗氏也把亞當與夏娃的故事作為比喻，以解釋人類不安的情緒。亞當與夏娃吃了知識樹的果實，他們意識到當自己仍然是大自然的一部分，自己與大自然已不再是一體。於是他們覺得 「赤裸」和「羞愧」。他們已經進化成人類，意識到自己，意識到道德價值，意識到面對大自然和外部世界的巨大力量帶來的無力感，不再是與自然為一體，只有動物本能的那個「準人類」。按照弗洛姆，罪惡感和羞愧源於人意識到人和自然、人和人之間存在的割裂性。要解決這種存在的分裂，唯有發揮人類的積極力量和創造性——愛和理性。
弗洛姆認為愛是人與人之間的創造力，而不是感情。他以此創造力把各種經常來當作「真愛」的證明的自戀神經症和性虐待傾向區別開來。弗氏相信愛的本質有四大元素：關懷、責任、尊重和了解。認為「愛情」的經驗只代表一個人未能真正了解愛的本質。弗氏利用《聖經》裡約拿的故事說明在現今人際關係中，關懷和責任的特質已十分少見。故事講述尼尼微城鎮的居民有罪，要承受惡果，約拿卻不願意去拯救他們。弗氏稱現代社會的人缺少對別人的自由的尊重，更不了解別人真正的希望和需要。
Erich Seligmann Fromm (/frɒm/; German: [fʁɔm]; March 23, 1900 – March 18, 1980) was a social psychologist, psychoanalyst, sociologist, humanistic philosopher, and democratic socialist. He was a German Jew who fled the Nazi regime and settled in the US. He was one of the Founders of The William Alanson White Institute of Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis and Psychology in New York City and was associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory.[2][n 1]
1968年佛洛姆受訪，談美國新左派運動與受影響的年輕世代，認為他們只以強烈情緒活在當下，失去過去，沒有未來，並提出改造社會的方向。
Fight Against Idols
Erich Fromm on Religion, Judaism and the Bible
Erich Fromm (1900-80) was a famous psychoanalyst, social critic and author of bestsellers like Escape from Freedom and The Art of Loving. But he was also very interested in religion. Having been brought up as an orthodox Jew he abandoned institutionalized religion as a young man. But he was influenced for life by the Talmudic studies of his childhood. Later in life he met and was enriched by Buddhism and mysticism. In this book the author analyzes what Fromm thought about religion, how he expressed his ambiguous feelings about Judaism, and his radical interpretation of the Bible. This is a book about a fascinating man with views that challenge both believers and atheists.
Extract
4. Fromm and the Bible 4.1. View of the Bible Fromm was brought up with the Bible. He read it; he loved it; he was influenced by it for the rest of his life. In his seventies Fromm said in an interview: "There have been three, four, five books in my life that have made me what I am. First of all come the books of the prophets. Notice that I do not say the 'Old Testament'. When I was young, I did not detest the military accounts of the conquest of Canaan as much as I do now. But even then I didn't like them, and I doubt that I read them more than once or twice. But the prophetic books and the psalms, especially the prophetic books, were and still are an inexhaustible source of vitality for me." 1 And when, a short time before his death, he was asked what basic values should guide us, his answer was: Read the Bible! 2 That Fromm was familiar with and influenced by the Bible can also be seen from the fact that he frequently quoted it and used biblical expressions, not only when dealing with religious topics but also in other contexts. But what did he really think of the Bible? First of all, the Bible - by which we here mean the Jewish Bible, i.e. the Old Testament- was for Fromm a revolutionary book, dealing with and aiming at the liberation of man, a book with a vision...
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